John I of Charenton issued this denier during a period when small lordships across the Auvergne and Berry regions were clinging to their minting rights against persistent Capetian pressure to consolidate monetary authority under the crown. The Dy féodales reference places this type firmly within that contested provincial coinage, where billon quality varied sharply from one striking to the next depending on the lord's access to silver.
John I of Charenton issued this denier during a period when small lordships across the Auvergne and Berry regions were clinging to their minting rights against persistent Capetian pressure to consolidate monetary authority under the crown. The Dy féodales reference places this type firmly within that contested provincial coinage, where billon quality varied sharply from one striking to the next depending on the lord's access to silver.