Denier - James II Barcelona

表面の説明	Crowned and draped bust of James II facing left, rendered in the crude yet expressive style typical of medieval Catalan hammered coinage. The royal crown is prominently detailed with trefoil ornaments and pellets. The effigy is contained within an inner beaded circle, with the Latin legend distributed around the periphery between two concentric beaded borders. The bust displays visible neck drapery and stylized facial features characteristic of 13th–14th century Iberian die-cutting.
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表面の銘文	+IACOBVS REX (Translation: James king)
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追加情報	James II held Catalonia as count while simultaneously ruling Aragon as king, and his monetary policy reflected the tensions of managing multiple crowns with distinct fiscal traditions. The Barcelona denier continued the billon standard inherited from his predecessors rather than any reform initiative — continuity was the point. Cru. 347 falls within a series struck across a reign spanning his return from Sicily in 1291 through his death in 1327, a period marked by the Treaty of Anagni and the gradual disentanglement of the Crown of Aragon from its Sicilian ambitions.

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