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Denier - Henry III / Henry IV / Henry V as emperors, Pavia, PAPAI
| Uitgever | Kingdom of Italy (Carolingian States) |
|---|---|
| Jaar | 1039-1160 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
| Waarde | Log in om details te zien |
| Valuta | Log in om details te zien |
| Samenstelling | Log in om details te zien |
| Gewicht | Log in om details te zien |
| Diameter | Log in om details te zien |
| Dikte | Log in om details te zien |
| Vorm | Log in om details te zien |
| Techniek | Log in om details te zien |
| Oriëntatie | Log in om details te zien |
| Graveur(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| In omloop tot | Log in om details te zien |
| Referentie(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving voorzijde | Within a beaded inner circle, the imperial name HENRICVS (or abbreviated form) is arranged in three lines across the field, the letters rendered in a bold, somewhat crude Romanesque style characteristic of north Italian hammered coinage. Beaded crescents or wedge-shaped ornaments occupy the four corners or quarters formed by the cross-like division of the legend. A circular Latin legend runs around the periphery within the outermost beaded border. The overall design is entirely typographic, without any effigy or figural element, consistent with the Pavian denier tradition of the Salian and early Staufen period. |
|---|---|
| Schrift voorzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift voorzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving keerzijde | The reverse displays the mint city name PAPIA (Pavia) arranged in three lines across the field within a beaded inner circle, again divided into quarters by the intersecting legend lines. Wedge-shaped or crescent ornaments fill the interstitial spaces at the quarters, mirroring the obverse layout. The surrounding circular Latin legend, reading +INPERATOR, identifies the issuer's imperial title and runs between the inner beaded circle and the outer beaded border. The lettering is bold and irregularly spaced, reflecting hand-hammered production and the stylistic conventions of eleventh- and twelfth-century north Italian mint practice. No figural imagery appears; the design is purely inscriptional. |
| Schrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Rand | Log in om details te zien |
| Muntplaats | Log in om details te zien |
| Oplage | Log in om details te zien |
| Aanvullende informatie |
Pavia served as the traditional coronation city for kings of Italy, and the mint there operated under imperial grant through the eleventh and twelfth centuries with remarkable continuity across three reigns. The attribution spanning Henry III through Henry V reflects not sloppy cataloging but a genuine problem: the Pavian denier type was so conservatively maintained that die evidence alone cannot cleanly separate issues by emperor, and the coins circulated interchangeably without anyone at the time caring to distinguish them.
The billon content degraded progressively across this period as imperial control over northern Italian minting weakened against the rising autonomy of the communes.