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Denier - Henry III / Henry IV / Henry V as emperors, Pavia, PAPAI
| Issuer | Kingdom of Italy (Carolingian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1039-1160 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
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| Reverse description | The reverse displays the mint city name PAPIA (Pavia) arranged in three lines across the field within a beaded inner circle, again divided into quarters by the intersecting legend lines. Wedge-shaped or crescent ornaments fill the interstitial spaces at the quarters, mirroring the obverse layout. The surrounding circular Latin legend, reading +INPERATOR, identifies the issuer's imperial title and runs between the inner beaded circle and the outer beaded border. The lettering is bold and irregularly spaced, reflecting hand-hammered production and the stylistic conventions of eleventh- and twelfth-century north Italian mint practice. No figural imagery appears; the design is purely inscriptional. |
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| Reverse lettering | +INPERATOR PA PA I (Translation: ... emperor. Pavia.) |
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