Denier - Frederick II Nuremberg mint

正面描述	Crowned bust of Emperor Frederick II facing right, rendered in high relief in the medieval hammered style. The effigy displays a stylized crown with fleur-de-lis-type finials atop the ruler's head. The emperor holds a cross-tipped scepter before him, its shaft and crosspiece clearly delineated in the field to the right of the bust. The portrait is bold and schematic, characteristic of mid-13th-century German imperial coinage.
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边缘	Plain
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附加信息	Frederick II spent the final years of his reign in open war with Pope Innocent IV, who had declared him deposed at the Council of Lyon in 1245 — the precise moment this coinage begins. The Nuremberg mint was among the imperial facilities Frederick retained firm control over as German princes, sensing weakness, began drifting toward the papal-backed anti-king Henry Raspe. These deniers were struck under conditions of genuine political disintegration, with Frederick conducting his defense of imperial authority largely from Italy while his German holdings frayed at the edges. Frederick died in December 1250, giving this type a hard terminal date confirmed by history rather than numismatic convention.

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