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Denier - Frederick II
| Issuer | Holy Roman Empire |
|---|---|
| Year | 1215-1250 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Frontal effigy of Emperor Frederick II enthroned in majesty, wearing a beaded crown and imperial regalia. The emperor is depicted in a stylized, hieratic manner characteristic of medieval hammered coinage, holding a sceptre or twig in one hand and an imperial orb surmounted by a cross in the other. The figure is rendered in low relief with schematic drapery folds visible across the torso. A crescent symbol appears to the right of the enthroned figure. The field is plain with no visible legend. |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
Frederick II's reign over the Empire was marked by near-constant conflict with the papacy — excommunicated four times, he nonetheless led the Sixth Crusade and negotiated the return of Jerusalem through diplomacy rather than force, scandalizing Rome in the process. His imperial administration reorganized coinage authority across the German territories, though local ecclesiastical and secular lords retained considerable minting autonomy, which is precisely why attribution of small deniers to specific mints within his reign remains contested among specialists.
The Menadier classification places this piece within a regionally-produced group rather than a centrally-authorized imperial issue.