Denier - Ferdinand II Gerona

Ferdinand II's reign over Catalonia was legally distinct from his rule over Castile — he governed the Principality under its own constitutional framework, the constitucions, which constrained royal authority far more than Castilian practice allowed. The Catalan deniers of this period were struck under that arrangement, with Barcelona's mint operating under close oversight from the Consell de Cent. The billon composition reflects decades of progressive silver debasement stretching back through the reign of John II, whose war with the Principality in the 1460s had badly disrupted Catalan monetary stability.

Cru#1418 is frequently encountered with weak peripheral detail owing to the chronic underfilling of these small billon flans at the Barcelona mint.