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Denier - Conrad II as emperor, Venice mint
| Issuer | Republic of Venice |
|---|---|
| Year | 1026-1039 |
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| Orientation | Variable alignment ↺ |
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| Obverse description | Central field features a cross pattée enclosed within a beaded inner circle, with small pellets or annulets in each angle of the cross, a design characteristic of Carolingian-influenced Venetian coinage. Surrounding the inner circle is a circular legend reading ✠ CONRAD IMPER, referencing the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, executed in bold, slightly irregular hammered capitals. The overall type follows the Carolingian denier tradition adapted at the Venice mint, with a flat, irregular flan typical of early medieval hammered billon issues. |
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| Mintage | ND (1026-1039) |
| Additional information |
Conrad II received the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Milan in 1026 and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome the following year, and Venice's minting of deniers in his name reflects the city's formal acknowledgment of imperial authority — however nominal that acknowledgment was in practice. The Serenissima had already developed the political habit of minting in the emperor's name while conducting its own affairs almost entirely independently.
Billon coinage of this period from Venice is poorly documented and survives in small numbers. Paolucci's cataloguing remains the primary reference, with few die studies completed on the series.