Denier - Conrad II as emperor, Pavia mint

Conrad II was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1026 and Holy Roman Emperor in Rome the following year, and the Pavia mint — long the preeminent royal mint of the Italian kingdom — struck deniers throughout his reign under that imperial title. Pavia had served as the capital of the Lombard kingdom and retained that minting prestige under the Carolingians and Ottonians before Conrad's Salian dynasty inherited it.

The MIR 835 attribution places this squarely within a well-documented but physically variable series; billon quality fluctuates noticeably across the emission, reflecting the mint's inconsistent access to silver bullion during the 1030s.