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Denier - Conrad II

Issuer Bishopric of Regensburg (German States)
Year 1180-1184
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Weight 1.05 g
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Obverse description Central field features a frontal angel bust enclosed within a small circle of lines, itself set within a quatrefoil framework; each arch of the quatrefoil contains an additional angel bust depicted nearly frontally with heads turned slightly to the left. Rosettes occupy the outer corners of the quatrefoil. The composition is bordered by a circle of lines or a beaded circle, characteristic of the Romanesque die-cutting tradition of the Regensburg episcopal mint.
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Reverse description A standing bishop depicted in full frontal view, vested in ecclesiastical robes and wearing a mitre, holding a crozier in his right hand and a book in his left, emblematic of episcopal authority. Flanking his head on either side are indistinct symbols each comprising two or three rings, possibly stylised annulets. Two small roses arranged vertically appear at the upper left and two further roses at the lower right of the field. The overall composition reflects the Romanesque figural style typical of German episcopal coinage of the late twelfth century.
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Conrad II held the bishopric of Regensburg for only four years, appointed in 1180 under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa during a period when the Bavarian duchy was being restructured following Henry the Lion's downfall and forced exile. The timing matters: with ducal authority collapsed and redistributed, ecclesiastical mints in the region operated with unusual independence, and output from Regensburg in these years reflects that brief administrative vacuum.

The four-year window makes precise attribution within the type difficult. Most examples in this weight range show significant die variation, consistent with a mint operating without tight central oversight.

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