Conrad of Utrecht (1076–1099) was appointed bishop directly by Henry IV — the same emperor embroiled in the Investiture Controversy with Pope Gregory VII. The Deventer mint operated under imperial patronage throughout this period, and Conrad's issues reflect the political entanglement between episcopal authority and Salian kingship that defined the late eleventh century. Henry IV's excommunication in 1076 and the subsequent Diet of Worms created genuine uncertainty about the legitimacy of imperially-appointed bishops, Conrad among them.
The hand type is documented in Ilisch's Netherlands series under NL1#1.23, distinguishing it from related Conrad issues of the same mint.
Conrad of Utrecht (1076–1099) was appointed bishop directly by Henry IV — the same emperor embroiled in the Investiture Controversy with Pope Gregory VII. The Deventer mint operated under imperial patronage throughout this period, and Conrad's issues reflect the political entanglement between episcopal authority and Salian kingship that defined the late eleventh century. Henry IV's excommunication in 1076 and the subsequent Diet of Worms created genuine uncertainty about the legitimacy of imperially-appointed bishops, Conrad among them.
The hand type is documented in Ilisch's Netherlands series under NL1#1.23, distinguishing it from related Conrad issues of the same mint.