Denier - Charles III

Historical Context: This Denier was issued under Charles III, Duke of Savoy (1504-1553), a tumultuous period marked by the Italian Wars. Savoy, strategically located, faced immense pressure, with Charles eventually losing most continental territories to France. This billon coinage served as essential small change for daily transactions, underscoring the Duke's continued, albeit challenged, sovereignty and economic necessity amidst political turmoil.

Artistry: The artistic execution of this denier, typical for its denomination and era, reflects a pragmatic approach. Engravers for such small billon issues were generally anonymous local mint masters. The design often features a simple monogram or initial of Charles III on the obverse, and a cross or ducal heraldry on the reverse. The style is utilitarian, a blend of late Gothic simplicity with nascent Renaissance influences, prioritizing legibility over intricate detail given the small flan and base metal.

Technical/Grading: Given its billon composition (.015 silver) and small dimensions (0.7 gg, 17 mm), these deniers frequently exhibit technical challenges. High-points for wear would typically be the central elements of the cross or the highest relief of any monogram. Strikes are often weak, off-center, or incomplete, leading to partial legends or indistinct devices. Planchets are commonly irregular, and the base metal content makes them susceptible to environmental damage, corrosion, and heavy circulation wear, impacting overall grade and preservation.