Denier - Charles II Clermont-Ferrand mint

Charles II — "the Bald" — inherited a fractured kingdom after the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian empire among Louis the Pious's surviving sons. Clermont-Ferrand operated as a regional mint during his reign largely because the Auvergne required a local monetary supply; the logistics of moving coin from Paris or Tours across difficult terrain made peripheral minting a practical necessity rather than a policy statement.

The multiple Morrison reference numbers reflect genuine die variation across the type, a known documentary headache for catalogers of this series.