Denier - Charles II / Charles III Verdun mint

The Verdun mint sat at a geopolitical fault line throughout this period — the city changed hands repeatedly between the East and West Frankish kingdoms following the fragmentation of Charlemagne's empire, and the silver deniers struck there reflect that instability directly. Whether attributed to Charles II (the Bald) of West Francia or Charles III, the attribution hinges largely on which Carolingian power controlled the mint at the moment of striking, a question the coins themselves rarely answer cleanly.

Verdun's later fame as a silver-trading hub — the town was already a significant slave market in the ninth century — kept its mint economically relevant well beyond what its political turbulence might suggest.