Denier - Charles II/Charles III Rennes

发行方	Kingdom of West Francia (Carolingian Empire)
年份	864-922
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参考资料	Morrison#1042 Car#XXXIII/201 , Depeyr Car#858 , Nouchy#188 (p. 186) , PA#VIII/7

正面描述	Central field features a highly stylized Carolingian monogram composed of interlaced letters forming a complex geometric device, characteristic of the royal cipher employed on Carolingian deniers. The monogram is enclosed within a plain inner circle, surrounded by a border of interlaced or beaded decorative elements. The circular Latin legend reads GRATIA D-I REX, invoking the royal title by divine grace. The execution is typical of the hammered coinage of the Carolingian reform period, with angular letterforms and an abstract, architecturally structured central motif.
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背面描述	Central field displays a plain cross pattée set within a beaded or plain inner circle, a standard reverse type of Carolingian deniers attributable to the Rennes mint. The arms of the cross are broad and well-defined, extending nearly to the inner circle. The surrounding circular Latin legend reads VRBS REDONIS, identifying the issuing city of Rennes (Redones being the Gallo-Roman name for the city). A cross or pellet precedes the legend. The overall design is consistent with the standardized Carolingian monetary reform coinage introduced under the Edict of Pîtres (864).
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附加信息	Issued under the authority of the palace mint at Rennes, this denier falls within the long overlap between Charles the Bald's Edict of Pîtres (864) and the turbulent decades that followed his death — a period when Breton political pressure and Viking incursions repeatedly disrupted Carolingian monetary administration in the marches. The Edict itself was the most ambitious attempt to centralize Frankish coinage since Charlemagne, restricting minting rights and standardizing the denier across the realm. Attributing pieces from this mint to Charles II versus Charles III remains genuinely contested, which the catalogue range honestly reflects.

Denier - Charles II/Charles III Rennes

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