Denier Bracteate - Mieszko III the Old Gniezno or Kalisz mint

Mieszko III earned the epithet "the Old" partly through sheer persistence — expelled from the senior throne of Kraków twice, he continued ruling Greater Poland from Gniezno and Kalisz and issuing coinage throughout decades of fratricidal conflict among the Piast dukes. The bracteate format itself reflects a broader Central European shift in the 12th century away from the thicker Carolingian-derived denier toward these thin, single-sided strikes, which required less silver at a time when bullion supply across the Polish duchies was under constant pressure.

Kop#88 attribution does not resolve whether this piece originated at Gniezno or Kalisz — both mints were active under Mieszko, and the distinction remains unsettled in the literature.