Denier Bracteate - Mieszko III the Old Gniezno or Kalisz mint

Mieszko III ruled Greater Poland across two separate reigns, expelled from Kraków in 1177 by a coalition of nobles and not restored until 1198. These thin, single-sided bracteates were struck at either Gniezno or Kalisz — both functioning as major administrative centers of the duchy — during a period when Poland had no unified coinage policy, each prince striking his own issues as a direct expression of territorial authority. Attribution between the two mints remains contested.