Denier Bracteate - Mieszko III the Old Gniezno or Kalisz mint

Mieszko III ruled twice — expelled from Kraków in 1177 after his nobles turned against him, he spent decades fighting to reclaim seniority over the Polish duchies. These bracteates were struck during a period when competing Piast princes each maintained their own minting operations, and attributing specific dies to Gniezno versus Kalisz remains an open problem in Polish medieval numismatics. The extreme thinness demanded by bracteate production means surviving examples almost always show some degree of flan distortion.