Denier Bracteate - John I

发行方	Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Duchy of
年份	1569-1604
类型	Standard circulation coin
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正面描述	Central field displays a triangular shield bearing the three-fold arms of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, rendered in low relief characteristic of bracteate coinage. The shield is enclosed within a rectangular frame or border. The initials I P (standing for Johann Pfalzgraf) appear above the shield, identifying the issuing authority as Duke Johann I of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. The overall design is simply executed in the late 16th-century hammered bracteate tradition, with a slightly irregular flan typical of the period.
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铸造量	ND (1569-1604)
附加信息	John I ruled Palatinate-Zweibrücken from 1569 until his death in 1604, a tenure marked by the duchy's firm Calvinist turn — he expelled Lutheran clergy and enforced Reformed doctrine with unusual consistency for a small Rhenish territory. The bracteate denier itself is an anachronism by this date; thin single-sided silver pfennig-weight pieces of this type were a medieval convention that persisted in certain German territories well past their technological and economic usefulness, largely because local exchange habits changed more slowly than minting practice.

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