Denier Bracteate - Frederick II Ravensburg mint

Frederick II spent much of the 1230s locked in open conflict with Pope Gregory IX, culminating in his excommunication in 1239. The Ravensburg mint operated under imperial authority through this turbulent decade, producing thin-flan bracteate deniers characteristic of Swabian imperial minting — single-sided by necessity, the metal too thin to carry a proper double-sided strike. At 0.30g, these pieces circulated hard and survival in any condition above heavily worn is uncommon.