Denier - Boleslaus I the Brave unknown mint

Boleslaus I inherited the Polish duchy in 992 and elevated it to a kingdom by his imperial coronation in 1025, but these early deniers predate that transformation entirely — they belong to the ducal phase, struck in imitation of Ottonian pfennigs circulating in the adjacent German territories. Polish minting at this stage was embryonic, with no established mint infrastructure, which explains the absence of a confirmed mint attribution. The coins were likely struck in multiple locations opportunistically rather than from a single organized facility.

Kopicki's reference remains the baseline for this type, though die studies have suggested considerable variety within the series.