Denier - Bertram

Bertram de Metz served as bishop from 1179 to 1212, and his deniers were struck during a period when the bishops of Metz exercised genuine temporal authority over the city — a privilege that would erode sharply across the following century as the bourgeoisie consolidated municipal power. The Flon reference spans ten die varieties for this type, suggesting sustained and relatively active production across his long episcopate.