Denier - Béla IV

Béla IV's reign was defined almost entirely by the Mongol invasion of 1241–42, which annihilated roughly half of Hungary's population and forced the king to flee to the Adriatic coast. The reconstruction effort that followed was enormous — Béla essentially rebuilt the kingdom from the ground up, fortifying towns and repopulating devastated regions. Coinage from this period reflects the administrative strain; these small deniers circulated in a economy that had been catastrophically disrupted and was only slowly reconstituting itself.

The multiple catalog references suggest this type has attracted sustained scholarly attention, with ÉH and Huszár attributions occasionally diverging on die groupings.