Denier - Béla IV

Béla IV's reign was defined almost entirely by the Mongol invasion of 1241–42, which destroyed an estimated half of Hungary's settled population and reduced much of the kingdom to ash. The subsequent reconstruction effort — including a massive program of stone castle-building — fundamentally reorganized Hungarian feudal obligations and royal revenue. Coinage from this reign reflects that disruption: weight standards fluctuated as the treasury struggled to stabilize, and many issues were struck across a compressed window following the Mongol withdrawal rather than evenly across the thirty-five year reign.