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Denier - Arduin of Ivrea Pavia mint, IN CRACIA REX
| Issuer | Kingdom of Italy (Arduin of Ivrea) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1002-1004 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Technique | Hammered |
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| Obverse description | Central field displays the royal monogram of Arduin of Ivrea, composed of interlaced letters in a bold, archaic Carolingian style, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The monogram occupies the majority of the flan, executed in crude but characteristic hammered relief typical of early medieval Italian coinage. A circular Latin legend surrounds the inner circle, reading ARDO IN CRACIA REX, identifying the ruler as Arduin, king by the grace of God. The lettering is irregular in spacing and size, reflecting the hand-cut die workmanship of the period. The overall design is characteristic of the Pavia mint under Arduin's brief reign. |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | ARDO IN CRACIA REX (Translation: Arduin, king by God's grace.) |
| Reverse description | The reverse field is filled with a multi-line Latin inscription arranged across the flan in a compact, somewhat irregular layout, a format typical of early medieval Italian deniers from the Pavia mint. The legend CIVITAS GLOR PA PIA, an abbreviated reference to the glorious city of Pavia, is rendered in crude hammered capital letters with variable spacing and depth of strike. A small central pellet or dot is visible in the field. The inscription is disposed in two or three horizontal lines within the flat field, without a surrounding border frame, consistent with the typology of Carolingian-derived deniers struck at Pavia. The die work reflects the rough but distinctive artisanal style of the early eleventh century. |
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