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Denier - Andrew II
| Issuer | Kingdom of Hungary |
|---|---|
| Year | 1205-1235 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Within a beaded inner circle and a plain outer border, a stylized royal bust facing forward, depicted in a schematic, archaic manner typical of early Hungarian medieval coinage. The king is shown wearing a crown with flanking ornaments and holds a cross-tipped sceptre centrally above his head. Two tower-like elements flank the bust, possibly representing castle turrets or stylized heraldic devices. The design is executed in high relief with broad, flat fields, characteristic of the hammered denier tradition of the Árpád dynasty. |
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| Reverse description | Within a beaded inner circle and a plain outer border, a large patriarchal (double-barred) cross occupies the centre of the field, its arms extending nearly to the inner border. Four multi-pointed stars or rosettes are placed in each of the quadrants formed by the cross arms, lending a decorative symmetry to the design. The entire composition is rendered in the flat, bold relief characteristic of early 13th-century Hungarian hammered silver coinage, with no inscription present. |
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| Additional information |
Andrew II's reign was defined less by numismatic policy than by the catastrophic giveaway of royal assets — the so-called "new institutions" he introduced after 1217 alienated crown lands, revenues, and minting rights to the nobility at a pace that permanently weakened the Hungarian throne. The Golden Bull of 1222, wrested from him by the barons, was a direct consequence. Coins struck under his authority were produced amid a fragmented and increasingly privatized mint system, which accounts for the considerable die variation cataloged across this type.