Denier - Andrew II

Andrew II's reign was defined less by monetary policy than by the chronic financial desperation that accompanied it. To fund his disastrous Fifth Crusade campaign of 1217–1218 and the lavish land grants that followed — what Hungarian sources call the "squandering of royal estates" — Andrew systematically debased the coinage and leased minting rights to private contractors, including Jewish and Muslim financiers, a practice that drew sharp censure from Pope Honorius III. The Golden Bull of 1222, Hungary's answer to Magna Carta, was forced upon Andrew in part because of these very monetary abuses.