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Denier - Andrew II
| Issuer | Kingdom of Hungary |
|---|---|
| Year | 1205-1235 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Reverse description | A decorative cross dominates the center of the reverse field, rendered in a stylized foliate or interlace pattern with curling vine-like elements extending into the four quadrants. The arms of the cross terminate in ornamental flourishes, and small crescent or pellet devices occupy the surrounding field. The overall design is characteristic of the abstract, non-legendary reverse types common to the Árpád-period hammered denárs of Hungary. The execution is bold and schematic, with the relief elements cleanly struck against the unadorned field. No inscription is present. |
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| Mintage | ND (1205-1235) |
| Additional information |
Andrew II's reign was defined less by monetary policy than by the chronic financial desperation that accompanied it. To fund his disastrous Fifth Crusade campaign of 1217–1218 and the lavish land grants that followed — what Hungarian sources call the "squandering of royal estates" — Andrew systematically debased the coinage and leased minting rights to private contractors, including Jewish and Muslim financiers, a practice that drew sharp censure from Pope Honorius III. The Golden Bull of 1222, Hungary's answer to Magna Carta, was forced upon Andrew in part because of these very monetary abuses.