Denier - Andrew II

Andrew II's reign was defined less by stable governance than by chronic financial crisis. To fund the Fifth Crusade — in which he personally participated in 1217 — and to satisfy the relentless demands of his barons, he systematically debased and reissued coinage at a pace that destabilized the Hungarian monetary system for decades. The deniers of his reign were struck in multiple emission cycles, each typically degraded from the last, making consistent die attribution genuinely difficult across the ÉH and H reference frameworks.

The Golden Bull of 1222, wrested from Andrew by the nobility, explicitly addressed coinage debasement as a grievance.