Denier - Andrew II

Andrew II's reign was defined less by stable administration than by his chronic financial exhaustion — he funded the Fifth Crusade and a series of costly Balkan campaigns by alienating royal revenues on a scale that forced the 1222 Golden Bull, Hungary's equivalent of Magna Carta, wrested from him by a nobility furious at the debasement of offices and estates. The deniers struck across his thirty-year reign reflect a treasury under sustained pressure, with silver content showing measurable variation across emission groups catalogued under ÉH#161.