Denier - Andrew II

Andrew II's reign was defined less by monetary policy than by the chaos surrounding it — his 1222 Golden Bull, extracted by rebellious nobles, functionally curtailed royal authority over land and taxation in ways that destabilized Hungarian coinage for decades. The deniers of this period are notably inconsistent in fabric, a direct consequence of royal revenues being pledged, leased, and effectively sold off to foreign creditors, including Jewish and Muslim financiers who administered the mint farms.

The multiple catalog references — ÉH, H, CNH, EK, and CAC all assigning distinct identifiers — reflect genuine scholarly disagreement over die groupings within this reign.