Denga - Vasily I Dmitriyevich Beast right / Arabic legend

Vasily I ruled Moscow from 1389 to 1425, a period when the principality was still nominally tributary to the Golden Horde. The Arabic legends on Moscow dengas of this period are not purely decorative — they reflect the political reality of Mongol suzerainty, mimicking the coinage of the Horde to signal legitimacy within a tribute economy. Some scholars read them as garbled Tatar phrases, others as near-meaningless imitations of earlier Jochid types.

HP II#1350 places this among the more precisely catalogued varieties in Hanaberg-Petrov's corpus, though attribution within Vasily I's issues remains contested given die-link studies are ongoing.