Denga - Ivan IV

Ivan IV's denga was struck under conditions that make consistent attribution genuinely difficult. The Moscow wire-money series of this reign was produced by dozens of small workshops using hand-cut dies with no standardized imagery control, resulting in a proliferation of die varieties that scholars are still cataloguing. GKH and its revised second edition diverge on classification precisely because the boundary between die varieties and distinct emission types remains contested.

Ivan centralized mint authority in Moscow following his coronation as Tsar in 1547, suppressing regional minting that had persisted through his minority.