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Denaro - Commune, Anonymous Bishops
| Issuer | Mantua, Duchy of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1150-1256 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Within a beaded inner circle, four stylized letters — Ω, E, P, and S — arranged in the form of a cross around a central globule, evoking an episcopal monogram. The composition is enclosed by a rope-twist inner border, beyond which a circular legend in Latin runs along the outer rim. The overall design is characteristic of anonymous communal denari of northern Italy, executed in the rough, boldly engraved style typical of 12th- to 13th-century hammered coinage. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | ✠ MANTVE (Translation: Mantova) |
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| Additional information |
Mantua's communal period produced this anonymous episcopal coinage during a stretch of over a century in which the city cycled through Lombard League politics, imperial conflicts with Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II, and the slow consolidation of power that would eventually land the Bonacolsi and then the Gonzaga in control. Attribution to specific bishops has proven impossible — the type ran continuously enough that individual episcopal reigns left no distinguishable mark on the dies.