Denaro

正面描述	Irregularly shaped hammered flan displaying a stylized imperial monogram of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) occupying the central field, composed of interlaced letters executed in low relief. A partial circular legend surrounds the monogram, reading + IMPERATOR F, with letterforms characteristic of 12th-century Italian epigraphy. The strike is weak in places, consistent with hand-hammered medieval production, and the flan shows typical irregular edges. The design is rendered in a crude but purposeful style typical of Pisan communal coinage struck under imperial authority.
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背面描述	登录以查看详情
背面文字	Latin
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附加信息	Pisa's monetary authority in this period derived from imperial privilege: Frederick Barbarossa granted the city the right to strike its own coinage during the 1160s as partial reward for Pisan naval support in his Italian campaigns. The denaro circulated widely across the Tyrrhenian trading network, appearing in hoards from Sardinia to the Levantine ports where Pisan merchants maintained active fondaci. Billon fabric from this mint is notoriously inconsistent in silver content across the type's production run, a known issue in the MIR classification.

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