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Denarius - Hadrian P M TR P COS III, Roma

Issuer Roman Imperial Mint
Year 121-123
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Reference(s) RIC II.3#599A, OCRE#ric.2_3(2).hdn.599A
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Obverse script Latin
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Reverse description The goddess Roma stands facing left in the field, depicted in an Amazon-style short tunic (chiton) with military bearing. In her extended right hand she holds a small figure of Victory, and in her left hand she grasps a vertical spear. The reverse legend P M TR P COS III is arranged around the periphery, identifying Hadrian's pontifical, tribunician, and consular titles. The composition reflects the traditional Hadrianic reverse type emphasizing Rome's martial and divine prestige, struck with clean dies in the early third consulship period.
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Additional information

Hadrian's early coinage is inseparable from his effort to stabilize an empire his predecessor Trajan had stretched dangerously thin. Upon accession in 117 AD, he immediately abandoned Trajan's Mesopotamian conquests — a decision so unpopular in Rome that he reportedly had four senior senators executed to suppress opposition. The COS III titulature places this issue in the window when Hadrian was already deep into his first great tour of the provinces, personally inspecting legions and infrastructure from Britain to the Near East.

RIC II.3 #599A is catalogued under the revised second edition of Roman Imperial Coinage, which substantially reorganized Hadrianic issues that earlier scholarship had misattributed or left sequentially ambiguous.

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