Bracteate Pfennig - Philip Völkermarkt

Philip of Spanheim held the bishopric of Freising while simultaneously exercising minting rights at Völkermarkt during Rudolf of Habsburg's consolidation of Carinthia following Ottokar II's defeat at Marchfeld in 1278. The narrow three-year window assigned to this type reflects that political rupture directly — Ottokar's death ended a coinage regime, and Philip's issues belong to the scramble over territorial rights that followed.

Bracteates of this region are structurally fragile; the single-sided hammered technique leaves them prone to cracking along the thinned edges, and surviving examples without splits are the exception.