Bolognino - Martin V

Martin V — born Oddone Colonna — restored papal authority to Rome after the catastrophic disruption of the Western Schism, during which rival claimants had held Fermo and much of the Marche under competing obediences for decades. His establishment of a mint at Fermo was part of a deliberate reassertion of temporal control over the Papal States, which had fragmented badly under the Avignon papacy and the schism years. Fermo had its own civic minting traditions that predated papal dominance, and the bolognino type here reflects that accommodation — a Bologna-derived denomination adopted across northern and central Italy as a practical commercial unit.