Ashrafi - al-Zahir Jaqmaq al-Qahira mint

Al-Zahir Jaqmaq ruled the Mamluk Sultanate for nearly two decades after seizing power in 1438, an unusually stable tenure for a sultanate where violent succession was the norm. His gold ashrafis continued the weight standard established by Barsbay, whose monetary reforms in the 1420s had attempted to reassert Mamluk control over Levantine trade circuits increasingly dominated by Venetian ducats. The two coins circulated side by side across eastern Mediterranean ports, and merchants routinely accepted both at near parity.

Cairo output under Jaqmaq is better documented than many predecessor reigns, with Balog's corpus identifying distinct die groupings across the period.