Æ36 - Gallienus (sole reign) (ΕΥΜΕΝΕΩΝ ΑΧΑΙΩΝ, Θ)

Eumenea, a Phrygian city refounded by Attalid dynasts and later absorbed into the Roman provincial structure under the Apamean conventus, maintained active civic bronze coinage well into the third century — a period when most of the empire was fracturing under the pressure of simultaneous barbarian incursions, usurpers, and the catastrophic capture of Gallienus's father Valerian by the Sasanian king Shapur I in 260 AD. That event opened Gallienus's sole reign and may have accelerated the final years of civic bronze production in Asia Minor, as central authority thinned and local minting grew increasingly autonomous before collapsing entirely under Aurelian's monetary reforms.