Eumenea, a Phrygian city refounded by Attalid rulers in the second century BC, retained the right to strike civic bronze under Rome — a privilege that came with the expectation of visible loyalty. The magistrate name ΟΥΑΛΕΡΙΟΣ ΖΜΕΡΤΟΡΙΞ is a striking hybrid: a Latin gentilicium grafted onto a Celtic personal name, almost certainly a descendant of Galatian settlers whose families had absorbed Roman citizenship by the Julio-Claudian period. That onomastic collision, frozen in the die, is the coin's most telling feature.
Eumenea, a Phrygian city refounded by Attalid rulers in the second century BC, retained the right to strike civic bronze under Rome — a privilege that came with the expectation of visible loyalty. The magistrate name ΟΥΑΛΕΡΙΟΣ ΖΜΕΡΤΟΡΙΞ is a striking hybrid: a Latin gentilicium grafted onto a Celtic personal name, almost certainly a descendant of Galatian settlers whose families had absorbed Roman citizenship by the Julio-Claudian period. That onomastic collision, frozen in the die, is the coin's most telling feature.