Æ - Parisades IV Panticapaeum

Parisades IV ruled the Bosporan Kingdom at a moment of deepening Pontic pressure — the dynasty was already sliding toward the client relationship with Mithridates VI that would eventually end Bosporan independence entirely, though that crisis lay a generation ahead. Panticapaeum, the kingdom's capital on the Crimean straits, maintained its mint continuously through these decades, producing small bronzes for local commercial use among a population that was ethnically mixed Greek and Scythian.

The tight clustering of catalog references — Anokhin, MacDonald, SNG Copenhagen — reflects how thoroughly this type has been documented despite its modest size, largely because Pontic and Bosporan numismatics attracted serious German and Soviet scholarship through the twentieth century.