Æ In the name of Constantine II or Constantius II, Bust facing right

These crude bronzes — struck or cast by Germanic groups operating along the Rhine and Danube frontiers — exist in an awkward scholarly space: clearly imitative of late Roman nummi, yet impossible to attribute with confidence to any specific tribe or workshop. Whether Alamannic, Frankish, or produced by some other group entirely remains unresolved. The Romans themselves were aware of such pieces circulating in border zones, and their presence in hoards on both sides of the frontier complicates any clean narrative about where official coinage ended and imitation began.