Æ In the name of Constans I

These pieces were struck by Germanic groups — most likely Alamannic or Frankish — who lacked the infrastructure for original coinage but understood the transactional utility of Roman bronze. They imitated late Roman issues circulating in frontier zones, copying the FEL TEMP REPARATIO types that flooded the western provinces after 348. The workmanship varies dramatically, and attribution to a specific tribe remains genuinely contested in the literature.

The 125-year date range reflects archaeological reality, not scholarly imprecision.