9 Deniers / 3 Quarts

Geneva struck billon small change through the 1590s under constant fiscal strain — the city had spent much of the previous decade absorbing Huguenot refugees fleeing France after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and its aftermath, straining municipal resources severely. The 9 deniers denomination, equivalent to three quarts, was the workhorse of daily Geneva commerce at a moment when the city-republic was simultaneously managing refugee economics and shoring up its Reformed ecclesiastical identity against Savoyard pressure.

HMZ 1#2-304 places this squarely among Geneva's autonomous civic issues before the city's monetary arrangements were gradually absorbed into broader Swiss frameworks in the following century.