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| 正面描述 | Central crowned shield of Castile and León, encircled by the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The aqueduct mint mark appears to the left of the shield and the assayer monogram BR appears to the right. The entire design is enclosed within a beaded inner circle, with the Latin legend running along the outer rim between the beaded border and the reeded edge. |
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| 正面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 正面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面描述 | Large crowned cross of Jerusalem occupying the upper half of the field, with the denomination mark R 8 flanking the cross shaft at mid-height, R to the left and 8 to the right. Below the cross, a prominent interlaced MA monogram — the Marian cypher — fills the lower field in bold relief. The Latin legend VIRTVTE PROTECTIONE encircles the design within a beaded inner border, with the date 1691 appearing in the lower portion of the legend. The reeded edge frames the entire composition. |
| 背面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 边缘 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸币厂 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸造量 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 附加信息 |
Carlos II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, ruled under conditions of near-total physical and cognitive incapacity — the product of generations of dynastic inbreeding — leaving monetary policy effectively in the hands of a succession of regents and favourites. The so-called 'Maria' designation refers to these milled eight reales struck during the regency period under his mother, Mariana of Austria, whose influence over the mint administration shaped production priorities across the Castilian coinage system in the 1680s.
These milled pieces were produced in direct response to the chronic counterfeiting and clipping that had plagued the earlier cob coinage. The machine-struck format with milled edges made debasement immediately detectable.