50 Centimes Duffel

Belgian municipal emergency notes of the German occupation period were a direct consequence of the Sociéte Générale de Belgique's improvised role as economic administrator under occupation — coin hoarding had stripped small denominations from circulation almost entirely by mid-1915, forcing hundreds of communes to print their own fractional scrip. Duffel's issue is one of the smaller Antwerp province series, authorized locally rather than through any central coordinating body, which accounts for the variation in format and authority across even neighboring communes.

Minguet and Poortman served as municipal officials whose countersignatures validated the note's local acceptance — neither was a banker.