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4 Xerafins - Maria I and Pedro III Goa mint
| Issuer | Portuguese India |
|---|---|
| Year | 1778-1785 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | 4 Xerafins= 2 Rupias |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | A boldly struck Cross of Saint Thomas (Cruz de Cristo) with trefoil terminals occupies the full reverse field, its four arms dividing the design into quadrants. The numeral '4' appears in the upper-left quadrant and the denomination mark 'X' (for Xerafins) in the upper-right quadrant, while the date is split across the lower quadrants reading '17' and '78'. The cross is rendered in the characteristic hammered style of the Goa Mint, with slight irregular striking visible on the flan edges. |
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| Mintage | 1778 - - 1781 - - 1785 - One known - |
| Additional information |
Maria I and Pedro III ruled jointly following their marriage in 1760 — he was her uncle — and Portuguese colonial mints were required to reflect that joint authority on coinage well into the 1780s. Pedro III died in 1786, after which Maria ruled alone, making this the last issue type to carry his name from Goa. The xerafim was a unit of account with deep roots in the Estado da India, descended from the pre-Portuguese monetary systems of the Konkan coast and never fully rationalized with metropolitan Portuguese denominations.