4 Pfenninge - Frederick William III

Frederick William III's monetary reforms of the early 1820s rationalized Prussia's chaotic post-Napoleonic coinage, and these copper pfennige were among the workhorses of that new system. The Prussian mint at Berlin struck the bulk of the issue, though production was distributed across several facilities as the kingdom absorbed former Napoleonic territories and their minting infrastructure into a unified currency framework.

The long production run across nearly two decades accounts for the substantial die variety documentation — Schramm alone catalogues over thirty distinct varieties within this type.