4 Pfennig - John Adolph

John Adolph ruled Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda during a period when the fractured German territorial system produced an extraordinary proliferation of small copper coinage — every petty count with minting rights exercised them, often to debase local currency or simply generate seigniorage revenue. The county's rights were perpetually contested, with inheritance disputes fragmenting and recombining the territories across the seventeenth century.

Kennepohl's cataloguing of Westphalian minor coinage remains the authoritative reference for these issues, and the triple citation here — KM, Kennepohl, and Weingärtner — reflects how thoroughly documented yet physically scarce this type remains.